based) versus constructivism (gender differences are primarily socially constructed) in gender identity. Sorting out what is “biological” and what is “cultural” in the meaning of maleness and femaleness is an enormously complicated task.14 These are difficult questions, and they raise some doubt about whether emphasizing the biological dimension to gender complementarity can be used consistently in a contemporary context. But for our purposes in this study, none of these problems is central. The
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